| Central figures | |
| Key scripture | |
| Kitáb-i-Aqdas · Kitáb-i-Íqán |
|
| Institutions | |
|
Administrative Order |
|
| History | |
| Notable individuals | |
|
Shoghi Effendi |
|
| See also | |
|
Symbols · Laws |
Mírzá Muḥammad (Persian: ميرزا أبوالفضل), or Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl-i-Gulpáygání (1844–1914) was the foremost Bahá'í scholar who helped spread the Bahá'í Faith in Egypt, Turkmenistan, and the United States. He is one of the few Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh who never actually met Bahá'u'lláh. His given name was Muhammad, and he chose the alias Abu'l-Fadl (progenitor of virtue) for himself, but `Abdu'l-Bahá frequently addressed him as Abu'l-Fada'il (progenitor of virtues).[1][2]
Contents |
Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl was born in a village near Gulpaygan, Iran, sometime in the months of June or July 1844. His family were prominent religious scholars in the village; his father, Mirza Muhammad Rida Shari`atmadar, was a religious leader, and his mother, Sharafu'n-Nisa, was related to the prayer leader of the town. Abu'l-Fadl completed his preliminary education in Gulpaygan, and then successively went to Arak, Karbala and Najaf to continue his education. In 1868 he left to Isfahan to study Islamic sciences at one of the religious colleges in the city; he was given a room by one of the prayer leaders, Imam-Jum`ih, Sayyid Muhammad Sultanu'l-`Ulama, who was a friend of his father's. Abu'l-Fadl remained at the college for three years, becoming well versed in several branches of knowledge. Abu'l-Fadl's father died in the winter of 1871, and after his death, Abu'l-Fadl's brothers schemed against him and took all their father's inheritance.[1]
In October 1873, Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl was invited to Tehran to teach Kalam, or speculative theology, at the Madrasih Hakim Hashim, one of the religious colleges in the city. During the time he was at the religious college, he was able to continue learning about philosophy and mystical philosophy, or Irfan, by attending the lectures of Mírzá Abu'l-Hasan Jilvih, one of the leading figures on the subject. Furthermore during his time at Madrasih Hakim Hashim, he also discussed the history of religion with two Buddhist scholars who where in Tehran at the same time, and attended science classes at the élite school of Dar ol-Fonoon, founded by Amir Kabir, the grand vizier to Nasereddin Shah. After a short time at the Madrasih Hakim Hashim, he was selected to be the head of the religious college.[1]
Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl's first encounters with Bahá'ís was in the beginning of 1876 during his time in Tehran. Abu'l-Fadl, at one point, met an uneducated cloth-seller, named Aqa `Abdu'l-Karim, with whom he would have discussions over difficult religious questions. Over time Abu'l-Fadl came to appreciate `Abdu'l-Karim's keenness and moral qualities, but when eventually he learnt that `Abdu'l-Karim was a Bahá'í and that the points he was making were predominantly derived from Bahá'í scripture, Abu'l-Fadl was saddened.[1] Abu'l-Fadl, however, became curious about the Bahá'í Faith, and asked to meet other Bahá'ís. There is a famous story of Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl's meeting with a Bahá'í blacksmith:
In the next several months, Abu'l-Fadl met with some of the leading Bahá'ís including Nabíl-i-Akbar, Mirza Isma`il Dhabih and Aqa Mirza Haydar `Ali Ardistani. While he was at Mirza Isma`il Dhabih's house, he read two of Bahá'u'lláh's tablets, the Lawh-i-Ra'ís (Tablet of the Chief) and the Lawh-i-Fu'ád (Tablet of Fu'ad Pasha), which contain prophecies both of the fall of the Ottoman Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz and vizier `Ali Páshá and of the loss of Adrianople from the Sultan. He determined that if the events portrayed in those tablets came to pass, he would believe in Bahá'u'lláh.[1]
A few months later, when precisely the events foretold in the tablets occurred, Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl accepted the Bahá'í Faith and became a Bahá'í on 20 September 1876. As soon as he became a Bahá'í, Abu'l-Fadl began to teach the new religion to others, and when news spread of his conversion away from Islam, he was removed from the religious college. He found a new position as a teacher at a school for Zoroastrian children that was established by Mánikchi Sáhib, an Indian Parsi. During his time at the school, a number of Zoroastrians converted to the Bahá'í Faith including Ustad Javanmard and Mulla Bahram Akhtar-Khavari. He continued to teach the Bahá'í Faith during the next ten years that he spent in Tehran, and helped Mírzá Husayn Hamadani produce an account of the history of the Bábí and Bahá'í religions, the Tarikh-i-Jadid (The New History), which was commissioned by Mánikchi Sáhib. In Tehran, he was also imprisoned on three occasions. He was first imprisoned in December 1876 when it was found that he had converted to the Bahá'í Faith; he was released after five months. He was next imprisoned in 1882-83 for nineteen months, with fifty or so other Bahá'ís in Tehran, when the governor of the city, Kamran Mirza, ordered their arrests at the instigation of Sayyid Sadiq Sanglaji, a religious leader in the city. Then, in October 1885 he was imprisoned for another six months, once again, due to orders from Kamran Mirza.[1]
After his 1882 imprisonment, he began extensive travels throughout the Persian Empire, especially after he received letters from Bahá'u'lláh in 1886 asking him to travel to teach the Bahá'í Faith. It was principally through his writings that the Bahá'í Faith was presented to the Jews of Iran in such a way as to bring a large number of them into accepting Bahá'u'lláh. During his travels in Iran he visited Kashan, Isfahan, Yazd and Tabriz. In 1888 and the three years thereafter he travelled to Ashgabat, Samarkand, and Bukhara. During his time in Ashgabat, Haji Muhammad Rida Isfahani, a prominent Bahá'í was assassinated; Abu'l-Fadl acted as the spokesman on behalf of the Bahá'í at the trial of the murders, and helped establish the independence of the Bahá'í Faith from Islam for the Russian government. In Samarkand, his teaching efforts allowed for the conversion of the first Afghan Bahá'í, Dr. `Ata'u'llah Khan.[1]
In 1894 Abu'l-Fadl spent ten months with `Abdu'l-Bahá in 'Akká, then in 1894 went to Cairo, where he settled for several years. In Egypt, he was successful in converting some thirty of the students of Al-Azhar University, the foremost institution of learning in the Sunni Muslim world. Abu'l-Fadl also became friends with writers and magazine publishers, and many articles that he authored appeared in the Egyptian press. In 1896, when Nasiru'd-Din Shah was assassinated in Iran, an enemy of the Bahá'ís, Za`imu'd-Dawlih, used the rumour that the assassination had been performed by Bahá'ís, to cause a massacre of the Bahá'ís in Egypt. When Abu'l-Fadl, stood up in defence for the Bahá'ís and stated that he himself was a Bahá'í, his allegiance became public; then when his two books Fara'id and Al-Duraru'l-Bahiyyih were published in 1897-1900 the al-Azhar University decreed that Abu'l-Fadl was an infidel.[1]
Between 1900 and 1904 he travelled to Paris and the United States, by request of `Abdu'l-Bahá, where his talks and writings enabled the fledgling Bahá'í communities to gain confidence and a clear understanding of the religion. During his travels, he was accompanied by Laura Clifford Barney, an American Bahá'í. In Paris, his talks were translated by Anton Haddad, and over thirty people became Bahá'ís. Then in the autumn of 1901 travelled to the United States, and specifically to Chicago, where the largest Bahá'í community was, and gave a large number of talks. Then in December 1901, Abu'l-Fadl travelled to Washington D.C. and gave talks to both Bahá'ís and the general population. During this time, he also continuously worked on an introductory book on the Bahá'í Faith.[1]
Abu'l-Fadl then travelled to the Green Acre Bahá'í School in Eliot, Maine where he stayed during the months of July and August 1903 and lectured to a Bahá'í audience. In 1904, `Abdu'l-Bahá asked that Abu'l-Fadl return to the Middle East, and the Bahá'ís held a large farewell gathering for him in New York on 29 November 1904.[1]
Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl lived most of his later years in Cairo until his death on 21 January 1914. During his final years, he also visited Beirut and Haifa. Abu'l-Fadl was in Egypt when `Abdu'l-Bahá visited Egypt in August 1910, and he stayed near `Abdu'l-Bahá in Alexandria in mid 1911. Near the end of 1912, Abu'l-Fadl started to become ill, and Aqa Muhammad-Taqi Isfahani was able to move Abu'l-Fadl to his house in Cairo, where he remained until his death on 21 January 1914.[1]
After his death, `Abdu'l-Bahá gave a eulogy which can be found in Bahá'í Proofs. Moojan Momen, a Bahá'í historian, states that Abu'l-Fadl possessed a critical mind, and had a complete devotion to the Bahá'í Faith.[1] Momen states that Abu'l-Fadl's writings "show a keen understanding of modern currents of thought remarkable in a man who only knew oriental languages." and was able to apply the Bahá'í teachings to a wide range of different issues.[1]
Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl wrote on a wide range of Bahá'í subjects, including extensive amounts of material about the proofs of Bahá'u'lláh's mission. He was consistently praised by the central figures of the Bahá'í Faith and Shoghi Effendi. His papers and letters include a wide range of presentations of the Bahá'í Faith for those of Christian and Jewish backgrounds, and his concepts in the presentation of the Bahá'í Faith continue to be important today. After his death, his papers, including several unfinished works, were taken to Ashqabat, where his nephew lived; many of these papers were, however, lost during the Russian Revolution.[1]
`Abdu'l-Bahá once wrote, referring to The Brilliant Proof:
In addition to the books that Abu'l-Fadl wrote, he also wrote a number of shorter works in response to questions addressed to him; some of these letters have been published in a number of compilations: